Social media is where teenagers spend most of their time, either scrolling and sharing, or sometimes falling into the traps of fake news, toxic content and online drama. But what if we could equip our young people to challenge harmful narratives and protect themselves from the darker side of the internet?

In a world where everyone documents their lives online and algorithms dictate what people see, while apps mine personal data and misinformation spreads, teenagers are at the epicentre of this digital storm.

So how can we help them to navigate this complex landscape? Dr Maree Davies, Senior Lecturer at the University of Auckland, believes the answer lies in critical thinking.

In her new book, Teaching Critical Thinking to Teenagers: How Kids Can Be Street Smart about AI, Algorithms, Fake News, and Social Media, she suggests parents and educators can equip teens with the tools to allow them to navigate the digital world safely and responsibly.

Critical thinking involves being able to objectively – without emotion – analyse and assess something, and make a reasoned judgement on its value or purpose. Skills include logical reasoning, evaluating different forms of evidence and unbiased analysis.

Critical thinking skills are challenging for many, but particularly teenagers, whose prefrontal cortex are still developing (the part of the brain capable of logical processing). However, Dr Davies argues it is not only possible to teach young people to begin building and honing these vital skills, but it is also a crucial time to do so.

As well as being able to spot fake news and conspiracy theories, Dr Davies suggests equipping teens with critical thinking skills can also protect them against the addictive nature of social media and profound online harms such as sextortion, revenge porn, and online bullying.

Why critical thinking matters

Whether it’s TikTok, Instagram, or Snapchat, young people are constantly consuming huge amounts of content tailored to their likes and interests. But what they might not realise is how algorithms shape what they see, often reinforcing biases and pushing them into echo chambers.

Often young people are exposed to this content without a developed understanding of how algorithms work.

“Teenagers today are not just passive consumers of content; they are active participants in a digital ecosystem that can empower or exploit them,” Dr Davies argues. “Critical thinking is the key to breaking free from this cycle.”

Dr Davies argues that critical thinking is more vital than ever, and can help teens make informed decisions.

“Teenagers need to understand that the digital world is not neutral,” she explains. “It’s shaped by societal forces, commercial interests, and algorithms designed to influence their behaviour. By teaching them to think critically, we give them the tools to discern truth from falsehood, resist manipulation, and engage ethically online.”

Teaching critical thinking: the role of parents and educators

Dr Davies says shielding teenagers from the internet is not the solution. Instead, educators and parents must take an active role in preparing teens to navigate the digital world wisely.

“We can’t control the internet, but we can empower teenagers to challenge harmful narratives, engage in respectful dialogue, and become informed citizens,” she states. “By fostering these abilities, we can help teenagers thrive in a world where information is abundant but truth is often elusive.”

Dr Davies advocates taking a hands-on approach to teaching critical thinking.

She recommends parents and guardians speak often to their teens about fake news, and how it is designed to provoke emotional reactions and avoid scrutiny, so it can spread fast. She encourages adults to advise teens to slow down and think before sharing, and demonstrate this behaviour when talking about things seen online.

Additionally, she suggests showing teens how to evaluate sources, seek multiple perspectives and trace information back to its original context – such as checking sources, finding credible academic papers and using trusted news sites. By developing these skills, teens can identify misinformation and resist the urge to share it.

“Critical thinking isn’t just about analysing information, it’s about connecting ideas to personal experiences, respecting diverse perspectives, and remaining open to change,” she explains. “We need to encourage teens to approach the digital world with empathy, resilience, and a willingness to adapt their views based on evidence.

“It’s not about lecturing them, it’s about giving them practical skills they can use every day, in the same way you help your child to learn to read, write or tie their shoelaces.”

Building resilience in

The psychological toll of the digital age is undeniable. From the addictive nature of social media to the harmful effects of online bullying, teenagers face unique challenges that can impact their mental health and wellbeing.

Dr Davies draws on renowned psychologist Albert Bandura’s theories of self-efficacy and moral disengagement to explain why some individuals behave unethically online and how teens can protect themselves.

Being open and honest with your teen about the dangers online can help to build trust with teens and foster open conversations about sensitive issues, she explains, where teens feel comfortable seeking help and navigating challenges like sextortion and online bullying.

“Teaching self-regulation and critical thinking can teens build resilience against these challenges,” she explains. “It equips them to recognize manipulative tactics, resist harmful behaviours, and maintain their mental health in an increasingly digital world.”

Further information:

Teaching Critical Thinking to Teenagers: How Kids Can Be Street Smart about AI, Algorithms, Fake News and Social Media, by Maree Davies (Routledge, 2026)
ISBN: Paperback: 9781032944906 | Hardback 9781032944913 | eBook 9781003570998
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003570998

About the author:
Maree Davies is a Senior Lecturer at the University of Auckland, New Zealand. Her research focuses on how to ensure critical thinking is accessible to all teenagers.

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